The Dawn of Global Trade — Part I | |
Long before Marco Polo, thousands of monks, warriors, scholars and merchants traveled the trade routes connecting Europe, Asia and Africa. In "When Asia Was the World," Stewart Gordon uses original memoirs and modern research to tell the stories of this vast network — a network that made Asia the center of the world.
The Asian world, 500-1500 CE, was a place of great empires and large capital cities. In Southeast Asia were the kingdoms of Srivajaya, Pagan, Angkor, Champa and Dai Viet.
China went through dynastic changes but was strongly linked to the rest of Asia. India had empires as well — the Kushans, the sultanates and the Mughals based at Delhi — as well as the Cholas and Vijayanagara in the south.
A diverse landscape
The Middle East had the Abbasid caliphate. Central Asia had Genghis Khan’s empire,
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Asia was a vast world of contrast, from deserts to mountains, from monsoon rain forest to dry plains. It held a bewildering variety of cultures and languages — many local religions and varieties of Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism that spread across wide regions.
But it was its networks that made the great Asian world unique. Bureaucrats, scholars, slaves, ideas, religions and plants moved along its intersecting routes. Family ties stretched across thousands of miles. Traders found markets for products ranging from heavy recycled bronze to the most diaphanous silks.
Extensive networks
Asian empires tended to promote linkages and connections to other kingdoms in several ways. Often their own territories crossed “natural” ecological boundaries and brought together regions and societies in unexpected ways.
The Kushans, the Afghans and the Mughals established empires that successfully ruled both sides of the formidable Himalayas. The South Indian Chola kingdom built a navy and conquered the islands of Sri Lanka, Java, and Sumatra, politically tying together India and Southeast Asia. Genghis Khan ruled both the steppe and large areas of agricultural China.
Currency, trade and communication
Administrative continuities generally promoted trade between ecologically different regions: the
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The big states also produced widely used currencies, such as Chinese cash and silver dirhams, and established standards for normalizing local weights and measures.
They also frequently organized postal systems for reliable communication. One could send a letter from Mangalore and have it arrive in Cairo in slightly over a month. A letter of introduction went from the far western border of India to Delhi and back in less than two months.
Power in numbers
Although the big capital cities — Delhi, Beijing, Baghdad, Vijayanagara — were impressive (and often many times the size of any European city of the time), the importance of medium-sized cities cannot be overemphasized.
These empires, by and large, rose by the expansion of power of a regional family based in a medium-sized city their regional capital.
Dominance of regional capitals
When empires fell, they generally devolved into regional successor states. The regional capitals usually
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Cities — large and small — needed basic food, fabric, fuel and building materials. The elite of these cities attracted the more sophisticated trade goods of the Asian world.
The Chinese urban elite generated an almost insatiable demand for ivory — both African and Southeast Asian — which found its way into religious statues, pens, fans, boxes and the decoration of furniture.
Trade incentives
Their demand for the most aromatic incense in the world was filled by incense logs and bushes from Southeast Asia and India. The demand for elegant clothes and beautiful colors in population centers of the Middle East, India and Southeast Asia pushed discovery of and trade in new plant dyes.
The urban centers were also places of specialized manufacture that created trade opportunities and employment for these skills. Cities produced books, artwork, fine fabrics, sophisticated musical instruments, jewelry and scientific instruments — all of which were in demand throughout the Asian world.
Art, steel and ceramics
Damascus developed steelmaking to such a high art and in such quantity that traders brought its products to
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Trade mattered. The volume and variety of trade affected much of the population of the great Asian world.
Tropical spices and medicines moved north to the plains of India, west into the Middle East and east into China. These medicinal plants were not “discovered” by doctors in cities — much less by the traders who brought them. These spices and medicines were first discovered by the forest dwellers who experimented with their local profusion of plants.
Religion and rituals
The great Asian world included not just traders and courts but reached deep into the forests of Southeast Asia, the hills above the Malabar Coast, and the pearl beds of Sri Lanka.
Trade served the spread of the universalizing religions. Ritual objects and books of both Buddhism and Islam came from specialized centers and moved along both water routes and caravan routes to Tibet, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China.
From exotic to everyday
Trade in the great Asian world included the exotic, the prosaic — and everything
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At the other extreme, fish paste produced on the coast of Thailand and ordinary Chinese iron cooking pots were regular, profitable items traded to the islands of Southeast Asia.
Rice — the most prosaic of foods in India, China and Southeast Asia — became a high-status food across the steppe world. Every ship and every caravan carried a range of goods from the precious to the mundane.
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